Chapter 2: The Internet and World Wide Web
Student Assignments Page 112
Lecturer: Tri Djoko Wahjono




1. How Did the Internet Evolve? 

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense was the world's first operational packet switching network, and the progenitor of the global Internet. During the 1950s, several communications researchers realized that there was a need to allow general communication between users of various computers and communications networks. This led to research into decentralized networks, queuing theory, and packet switching. The subsequent creation of ARPANET in the United States in turn catalyzed a wave of technical developments that made it the basis for the development of the Internet. The first TCP/IP wide area network was operational in 1984 when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. It was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1995. Important separate networks that have successfully entered the Internet include Usenet, Bitnet and the various commercial and educational X.25 networks such as Compuserve and JANET. The collective network gained a public face in the 1990s. In August 1991 CERN in Switzerland publicized the new World Wide Web project, two years after Tim Berners-Lee had begun creating HTML, HTTP and the first few web pages at CERN in Switzerland. In 1993 the Mosaic web browser version 1.0 was released, and by late 1994 there was growing public interest in the previously academic/technical Internet. By 1996 the word "Internet" was common public currency, but it referred almost entirely to the World Wide Web. Meanwhile, over the course of the decade, the Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public computer networks (although some networks such as FidoNet have remained separate). This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. The IEEE has assigned the 802.1 label to the internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs and other wide area networks, now known as the Internet.

2. What are the various types of internet connection and what are the differences between broadband and dial-up connection

Analog: Dial-up Internet Access

Also called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is both economical and slow. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an analog,  public-switched telephone network. The modem converts received analog data to digital and vice versa. Because dial-up access uses normal telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates are limited. Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps. Today, analog has been widely replaced by broadband (Cable and DSL).

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN

Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data over fiber optic telephone lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the physical transport backbone of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely implemented.

DSL – Digital Subscriber Line

DSL is frequently referred to as an "always on" connection because it uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to the premise so service is delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service --  it will not tie up your phone line as an analog dial-up connection does.  The two main categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL.  All types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL.  xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 9 Mbps.

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North America. Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL requires a special ADSL modem.

ADSL+2  - ADSL  Extension

An extension to ADSL broadband technology that provides subscribers with significantly faster download speeds when compared to traditional ADSL connections. ADSL+2 works in the same fashion as ADSL a special filter is installed on a subscriber's telephone line to split existing copper telephone lines (POTS) between regular telephone (voice) and ADSL+2. ADSL2+ service is most commonly offered in highly-populated metropolitan areas and subscribers must be in close geographical locations to the provider's central office to receive ADSL2+ service.

SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Short for symmetric digital subscriber line, SDSL is a technology that allows more data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps. SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone wires and cannot operate simultaneously with voice connections over the same wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.

VDSL - Very High DSL

Very High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over relatively short distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the connection rate.

Cable -  Broadband Internet Connection

Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV channel space for data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream transmission, and other channels for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast access.  Cable providers typically implement a cap to limit capacity and accommodate more customers. Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.

Wireless Internet Connections

Wireless Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet connection types. Instead of using telephone or cable networks for your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere — as long as you geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is still considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a wireless service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly available in metropolitan areas.

T-1 Lines – Leased Line

T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbps.  A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just one or some of these individual channels. This is known as fractional T-1access. T-1 Lines support speeds of 1.544 Mbps. Fractional T-1 speeds are 64 Kbps per channel (up to 1.544 Mbps), depending on number of leased channels.

Bonded T-1

A bonded T-1is two or more T-1 lines that have been joined (bonded) together to increase bandwidth. Where a single T-1 provides approximately 1.5Mbps, two bonded T1s provide 3Mbps or 46 channels for voice or data. Two bonded T-1s allow you to use the full bandwidth of 3Mbps where two individual T-1s can still only use a maximum of 1.5Mbps at one time. To be bonded the T-1 must run into the same router at the end, meaning they must run to the same ISP.  Typical Bonded T-1 (two bonded T-1 lines) speed is around 3 Mbps.

T-3 Lines – Dedicated Leased Line

T-3 lines are dedicated phone connections supporting data rates of about 43 to 45 Mbps. It too is a popular leased line option. A T-3 line actually consists of 672 individual channels, each of which supports 64 Kbps. T-3 lines are used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone and for the backbone itself. Typical T-3 supports speeds ranging from 43 to 45 Mbps.

OC3 - Optical Carrier

Short for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic networks conforming to the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber optic backbone for large networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic needs. Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.

Internet over Satellite

Internet over Satellite(IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber optic cables. Typical Internet over satellite connection speeds (standard IP services) average around 492 up to 512 Kbps.

3. What are the types of Internet Access Provider?

Cable Internet

• Cable Internet provides an Internet connection using the existing cable television wire network. As all subscribers in one area connect to one network, and thus bandwidth is shared between users on the network, usage must be regulated at the cable modem in the home. The cable modem relays and regulates the amount of bandwidth used over a period of time, allowing bandwidth to be capped at peak times to improve overall system performance.

Digital Subscriber Line-DSL

• DSL provides speeds of 246 kilobytes per second to 24,000 kilobytes per second. The DSL backbone is built on existing telephone wires, though subscribers do not need to be landline telephone customers to obtain DSL.

  The newer term for DSL is ADSL, which stands for Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. Newer technologies are being introduced for the DSL concept, allowing for faster speeds and improved service. VDSL was recently released and is being used for carrying video, telephone and Internet into subscribers' homes.

Satellite Internet

• Satellite Internet is a newer technology on the market. Satellite Internet provides limited connectivity for subscribers, as weather can impede download speeds, so satellite is only a true option for subscribers living in rural areas where use of other providers are not feasible.

  There are newer satellite technologies coming onto the market that make it easier for subscribers to use bandwidth as needed, such as satellite cards that can be used during travel and Internet via satellite phone. Both methods are currently in development, but show promise in making satellite a more viable broadband provider.

Dial Up Internet

• For many people, dial up Internet was their first method of Internet connectivity. Users connected to the network by dialing an access number using their regular telephone line. Dial up connections operate at much slower speeds than other connections, making streaming media and online gaming nearly impossible. However dial up is often the only viable method in rural areas where broadband Internet connectivity has not been established. Some companies offer broadband at just a few dollars per month, so the low cost pulls in a few subscribers, though subscriber totals continue to decline.

Which to Chose

The type of connection needed is largely determined based on subscriber use and necessary speeds. Cost is also a large factor in determining the need for higher speeds and reliability. People in rural areas often only have two choices--satellite or dial up, whereas users in the city have many more options available. It's important to take a look at gaming, downloading and streaming media use before deciding on a provider to make an educated decision on which connection method suits the user best.

4. What Is The Purpose of IP Address, and What Is Its Relationship to a Domain Name?

An IP address, much like your phone number, is a way to find a specific server or computer on the internet, or a network. 
A domain name is used to 'mask' this IP address, by typing an easy to remember, user-friendly 'domain' such as www.google.com, as opposed to 208.69.36.231

Additionally, a DNS Server (Domain/Dynamic Name Service) is a server that your computer knows by IP address, and asks to 'find' the IP address of a website.
Computers do not actually know how to load a website without the IP address. So even though you may tell it www.google.com, it must first ask the DNS (usually your router, or ISP) what www.google.com's IP address it.

Once the DNS Server respond with the IP address, your computer will negotiate a connection to the website. If the webserver accepts, it will begin sending your computer the page.
Your computer then parses the HTML or other website code, and displays the website for you.
If your DNS server is down, this can cause some things (games, Instant messengers) to work fine, but webpages not to.

5. What Is the Purpose of a Web Browser, and What Are the Components of a Web Address?

Web browser’s main purpose is to display websites – images, graphics, text, videos, audios any other Medias – stored on the web server onto your PCs or laptop screen. Professional web designers and developers design Web sites in a way that they look and display consistently in almost every browsers. Browsers should display online Web pages in an organized fashion, allowing easier navigation and viewing.

Clients browsing the internet queries for specific results. Web browsers must be able to query pages on the Web server and serve them on the client’s browser window. In other words, Browsers read HTML documents, although they don’t display HTML tags – and display Web pages by interpreting tags inside those documents properly.

Components of a Web Address

Let's take www.wiki.com as an example 
Www is the first part telling the browser that you are trying to access the world wide web. The second part would be the actual name of the website which is in our example wiki. Last comes the .com which is more of a direction giver (.com for most American sites,.de for German,government site's are .gov and organizations .org) 

Http:// is the browser protocol but typing it in is mostly optional since most browser use this as a default. If it was www.wiki.com/pic, pic would be your file name

6. How Do You Use a Search Engine to Search for Information on the Web and What is the Difference between a Search Engine and a Subject Directory?

A search engine, such as Yahoo or Google, is an online tool that helps users of the World Wide Web find the sites and information they're looking for. Most search engines use automated programs (sometimes called spiders) to look for relevant information based on keywords entered by the user.

A search directory, such as Yahoo Directory, is a catalog of web sites organized by category to allow users to easily browse for the information they need. Unlike search engines, which locate and display relevant information based on a formula or algorithm using an automated software program, search directories are organized by real people who discover new sites and relevant information by exploring the Web themselves and by reviewing submitted sites.

Both search engines and directories can help drive customers to your web site. Neither guarantees that your site will be included in their listings.

7. What Are the Types of Web Sites?

Originally, websites were purely informational. Before the web was opened to the public, educational and research institutions and goverment agencies were able to make information available to each other via text-only websites. Now that we have the World Wide Web, there are more types of websites than you can shake a stick at.

Basic Website Types
  1. Personal Websites
  2. Photo Sharing Websites
  3. Writers / Authors Websites
  4. Community Building Websites
  5. Mobile Device Websites
  6. Blogs
  7. Informational Websites
  8. Online Business Brochure/Catalog
  9. E-commerce Websites

8. How Do Web Pages Use Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video, Virtual Reality, and Plug-Ins?

Some Web pages use multimedia, which combines text with graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or virtual reality. A graphic is a digital representation of nontext information such as a drawing, chart, or photo. Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence. Audioincludes music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of full-motion images.Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate an environment that appears as three-dimensional space. A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends a browser's capability to display multimedia elements.

9. What Are the Steps Required for Web Publishing?

1. Plan a website
2. Analyze and design a website
3. Create a website
4. Deploy a website
5. Maintain a website

10. What Are the Types of E-Commerce?

Electronic commerce more well known as e-commerce, consists of the buying or selling of products via electronic means such as the internet or other electronic services. This type of tradehas been growing rapidly because of the expansion of the Internet.

There are 5 common types of E-commerce:

Consumer to business E-commerce

Business to business E-commerce

Business to consumer E-commerce

Consumer to consumer E-commerce

Intra organizational E-commerce

11. How Do E-Mail, Mailing Lists, Instant Messaging, Chat Rooms, VoIP, Newsgroups and Message Boards, and FTP Work?

E-mail (short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network. A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name, so that everyone on the list receives a message sent to the list. Instant messaging (IM) is a real­time Internet communications service that notifies you when one or more people are online. A chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to conduct real-time typed conversations. VoIP (Voice over IP, or Internet Protocol), also called Internet telephony, enables users to speak to other users over the Internet, instead of the public switched telephone network. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and downloading with other computers. A newsgroup is an online area in which users have written discussions about a particular subject. A message board is a Web-based type of discussion groupthat is easier to use than a newsgroup.

12. What Are the Rules of Netiquette?
Netiquette is exactly what it sounds like - etiquette for the internet. Good internet etiquette (netiquette) is all about being courteous to others online to make the internet a fun experience for everyone.

1. The Golden Rule: Treat others as you would like to be treated. This rule is an oldie but a goodie and can get you through just about any situation, online or off!
2. No "Flaming": Flaming is a form of verbal abuse when you intentionally attack or disrespect somebody for whatever reason. Maybe you didn't agree with something they said, but there's a nice way to share a different point of view without name calling or attacking someone. Harassing or insulting someone will not likely help you gain many online friends!
3. Respect Others' Copyrights: There are wonderful things online, information for everyone on just about any topic! However, these things have copyrights and licenses. Copying the works of someone else without permission or saying it is your own will not only ruin your online reputation, but could land you with hefty fines and lawsuits!
4. DON'T TYPE IN ALL CAPS: It hurts our eyes. It makes people think you are shouting at them. It's okay to type in caps to accentuate a word or two, but please don't do it all the time everywhere you go.
5. Don't Spam: As a blog owner, I get hundreds of spam messages each day. Most of them aren't even legible, with things like "kjhgsawu" typed in the comments and links to sites with adult or inappropriate content. I don't appreciate it! Some spammers are getting really sneaky, as they use the same generic post over and over again like "I really like your blog" - if you own multiple blogs like I do though you can quickly identify these types of spammers! There's a fine line between spam and self-promotion, do it very carefully!
6. Be Honest: Faking website statistics, pretending to be someone else, or trying to cheat people online will not only hurt your reputation but can land you in a lot of hot water. You know the line honesty is the best policy, it's also one of the 10 best rules for netiquette.
7. Use Proper Grammar & Spelling: If u rite liek this lol ppl might start 2 get mad lol. :) We understand spelling isn't always easy and typos and basic spelling mistakes will happen. But if it's distracting from your message, it can be annoying. Using a browser such as Firefox 3 with built in spell check can be a life saver for bad spellers! Be careful not to use too much web jargon, seeing lol used more than twice in a sentence or two is probably unnecessary and does not promote good internet etiquette.
8. Follow the TOS: Most sites have a terms of service policy that also lists rules of netiquette. Read it and abide by it! I am constantly reading discussions on MyLot about people who have had discussions deleted because what they posted did not meet the terms of the website.
9. Keep it PG-13: I never write or say anything I wouldn't let my kids read. It can really come back to haunt you if you write something that's not appropriate - as a blog owner, it could mean trouble with Google if you use them for adwords or like to be ranked in search engines since they seem to penalize swearing/adult content sites.
10. Research Your Facts/Cite Sources: I can't tell you how many times I read something (often politically related) that is not even close to the truth. There is so much information out there online, it can be very difficult to distinguish what is true and not true. Before posting something, forwarding emails, or going off on a tangent, make sure it is factual and cite sources if possible to boost your credibility. Not only will this help keep down on the hoaxes and insanity floating around online, but it can help make you build a solid reputation online.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer
Student Assignments Page 42
Lecturer: Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir, M. Sc




1. Why computer literacy is vital to success in today's world?

Computer literacy is important and essential in today's world as much of the world relies on computers for doing the day to day activities. Computer literacy is the knowledge and the ability to use the computers and technology efficiently. The goal of every computer literate person is to be able to use and learn the computer programs without much help. And almost every field Depends On technology Such as Health care, government, Education,Science and The business world. technology helps them finish their work in the fastest way possible. also Computer stores and organizes FILES that is Very Important.

2. What is computer and what is the relationship between data and information?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data." It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the internet. You can also use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and more. 
The relationship that lies between data and information is a solid one. Data is termed as raw facts such as phone numbers or addresses, while on the other hand information is the actual organization of these raw facts in a meaningful manner. This information may be in the form of a well organized report or table and but not always be meaningful to everyone.

3. Five components of computer
Computer hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices, and communications devices. An input device is any hardware component that allows a user to enter data and instructions into a computer. Six commonly used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera. An output device is any hardware component that can convey information to a user. Three commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, and speakers. The system unit is a box-like case made from metal or plastic that protects the internal electronic components of the computer from damage. The system unit contains the central processing unit and memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer. Memory is a temporary holding place for data and instructions. A storage device records and retrieves data to and from a storage medium. Six common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, and a DVD+RW drive. A communications device enables computer users to communicate and exchange items such as data, instructions, and information with another computer. A modem is a communications device that enables computers to communicate usually via telephone lines or cable.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of users experience when working with computer

Advantage:

1. Computer never tired

2. Having a highs peed and accuracy in working out its functions

3. Having a compact storage media and large capacity

4. It can be open new job opportunities as a computer expert

5. Able to process large amounts of data

Disadvantage:

1. Spoiling eyesight

2. Reduce labor due to work being replaced by computer

3. Humans are increasingly dependent with the help of computer

4. Computers do the work in accordance with the human command, if there are errors computer still working on these errors

5. The benefits of sharing resources on network and the definition

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

The benefits of sharing resources on network:

1. Sharing Information, Networks allow users to share information in several different ways. The most common way of sharing information is to share individual files. For example, two or more people can work together on a single spreadsheet file or word-processing document. In most networks, a large hard drive on a central server computer is set up as a common storage area where users can store files to be shared.
   In addition to sharing files, networks allow users to communicate with each other in various ways. For example, messaging applications let network users exchange messages with each other using an e-mail application such as Microsoft Outlook. Users can also hold online meetings over the network. In fact, with inexpensive video cameras and the right software, users can hold video conferences over the network.
2. Sharing resources, Certain computer resources, such as printers or hard drives, can be set up so that network users can share them. Sharing these resources can result in significant cost savings. For example, it’s cheaper to buy a single high-speed printer with advanced features that can be shared by an entire workgroup than it is to buy separate printers for each user in the group.
   Hard drives can also be shared resources. In fact, providing users with access to a shared hard drive is the most common method of sharing files on a network. A computer whose main purpose in life is to host shared hard drives is called a file server.
   In actual practice, entire hard drives aren’t usually shared. Instead, individual folders on a networked hard drive are shared. This way, the network administrator can allow different network users to have access to different shared folders. For example, a company may set up shared folders for its sales department and accounting department. Then, sales personnel can access the sales department’s folder, and accounting personnel can access the accounting department’s folder.
   You can share other resources on a network. For example, a network can be used to share an Internet connection. In the early days of the Internet, it was common for each user who required access to the Internet to have his or her own modem connection. Nowadays, it’s more common for the network to provide a shared, high-speed Internet connection that everyone on the network can access.
3. Sharing application, One of the most common reasons for networking in many businesses is so that several users can work together on a single business application. For example, an accounting department may have accounting software that can be used from several computers at the same time. Or a sales-processing department may have an order-entry application that runs on several computers to handle a large volume of orders.

6. How are the Internet and World Wide Web used?

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. As the Internet has grown, it has developed into a multifaceted tool with a vast range of uses. It's now easy to keep in touch with friends, publish your own articles, or even watch your favorite TV shows using the Internet.

The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. The Web is used widely throughout the world for work, play, research, chat, socializing and millions of different other things.

7. What is the difference between System Software and Application Software?
The Difference between system software and application software is that, system software can run independently of the application software, while application software cannot run without the presence of the system software. System software gets installed when the operating system is installed on the computer, while application software is installed according to the requirements of the user.

8. What Are the Differences among the Types, Sizes, and Functions in the Following Categories: Personal Computers (Desktop), Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices, Game Consoles, Servers, Mainframes, Super- computers, and Embedded Computers?

• PC (Personal Computer) A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself. A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage devices. Personal computers also often contain a communications device

• Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices A mobile computer is a personal computer you can carry from place to place and a mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand

• Game Consoles A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multi- player video games

• Servers A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. Servers can support from two to several thousand connected computers at the same time

• Mainframes A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thou- sands of connected users simultaneously. Mainframes store tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information

• Super-Computers A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer — and the most expensive (Figure 1-27). The fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second

• Embedded Computers An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. Embedded computers are every- where — at home, in your car, and at work.

9. What Is the Role of Each Element in an Information System?

• Hardware Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system. Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. A CBIS may use a single computer or thousands.
  
• Software Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Software, the second element of a CBIS, is what tells the hardware how to function. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software.
  
• Data Data, or information, is the third element of a CBIS. Just as hardware cannot function without software, software cannot function without data. This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS.
• Procedure It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware." The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data.
  
• People People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-based information system. It is people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running, write the procedures and it is ultimately people who determine the success or failure of a CBIS.
  
• Communication Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS elements, but for a CBIS that involves more than one piece of hardware to function, communication or connectivity is a necessity. This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under hardware. The components that allow one computer to communicate with another are hardware and are controlled by software. If communication between people is included in this element, though, it is an important element.

10. How Do the Various Types of Computer Users Interact with Computers?

Computer users can be divided into five categories: home user, small office/home office users, mobile users, large business users, and power users. A home user spends time on the computer for personal and business communications, budgeting and personal financial management, entertainment, and Web access. A small office/home office (SOHO) user includes any company with fewer than 50 employees, as well as self-employed people that work out of their home. A mobile user travels to and from a main office or school to conduct business, communicate, or do homework. A large business user works for a company that has a large number of employees and computers usually connected to a network. The power user – such as an engineer, architect, or desktop publisher – typically works with multimedia, which combines several media elements into one application, and requires the capabilities of a workstation or other powerful computer.

11. How Does Society Use Computers in Education, Finance, Government, Health Care, Science, Publishing, Travel, and Manufacturing?

• Education: Computers are widely used in the educational environment from elementary schools to universities. The majority of schools teach basic computer literacy and also run their own websites. Here, everything from notices and announcements to past lecture notes and reading lists can be viewed.
• Finance: Computers are able to calculate things faster than any human can, and they're a lot cheaper to maintain than it is to pay a human. Computers don't make mistakes so people rely on them to make massive calculations 100% accurately. 
  Big corporations like Amazon or ebay use computers to process millions of payments per second. Small stores are able to accept credit card payments without fraud.
• Government: To keep track of tax payments, forms filed by individuals and corporations, people entering and leaving the country, and the status of government contracts. They also gather statistical information in such areas as society, education, the environment, commerce, and the economy. Computers have taken the place of sending agents and collecting documents, because the coordination and examination of information electronically is thousands of times faster and cheaper. Unfortunately, it also means that even more unnecessary or duplicate information is being collected and stored as well.
• Health Care: Technology plays an important role in medicine and health care. One of the most widely used machines in medicine and health care fields is a computer
• Science: The advent of computers has contributed greatly to the fields of science. They have allowed for the collection and recording of vast amounts of data. They allow scientists to store information indefinitely and review it easily.
• Publishing: Publishers use computer technology in both traditional and self-publishing ventures. Desktop publishing combines the use of a personal computer and page layout software to create publication-ready documents. Electronic book readers have emerged as a means of purchasing and obtaining access to book publications, either produced by the author or a publishing house. In the world of self-publishing, consisting of not only e-books, but also blogs and user-created content websites, computer software and hardware systems are essential.
• Travel: To maintain all the data related to logistics of travel.They use it to guide you find the best option for in terms of economy and other related issues like where you can stay at what budget,your tour options and many others as they maintain a database related to tours and travels only.
• Manufacturing: Computers are used in manufacturing in many, many ways. Most commonly computers are used to generate labels for products, control and/or monitor larger machines (presses, robotics, etc.), and for general reporting. Computers are also used in manufacturing for the shipping process, i.e. Bills of Lading printing, sending electronic communications to vendors and customers, etc.

A Cool Chart