Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer
Student Assignments Page 42
Lecturer: Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir, M. Sc




1. Why computer literacy is vital to success in today's world?

Computer literacy is important and essential in today's world as much of the world relies on computers for doing the day to day activities. Computer literacy is the knowledge and the ability to use the computers and technology efficiently. The goal of every computer literate person is to be able to use and learn the computer programs without much help. And almost every field Depends On technology Such as Health care, government, Education,Science and The business world. technology helps them finish their work in the fastest way possible. also Computer stores and organizes FILES that is Very Important.

2. What is computer and what is the relationship between data and information?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data." It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and browse the internet. You can also use it to handle spreadsheets, accounting, database management, presentations, games, and more. 
The relationship that lies between data and information is a solid one. Data is termed as raw facts such as phone numbers or addresses, while on the other hand information is the actual organization of these raw facts in a meaningful manner. This information may be in the form of a well organized report or table and but not always be meaningful to everyone.

3. Five components of computer
Computer hardware components include input devices, output devices, a system unit, storage devices, and communications devices. An input device is any hardware component that allows a user to enter data and instructions into a computer. Six commonly used input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC camera. An output device is any hardware component that can convey information to a user. Three commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, and speakers. The system unit is a box-like case made from metal or plastic that protects the internal electronic components of the computer from damage. The system unit contains the central processing unit and memory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer. Memory is a temporary holding place for data and instructions. A storage device records and retrieves data to and from a storage medium. Six common storage devices are a floppy disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, and a DVD+RW drive. A communications device enables computer users to communicate and exchange items such as data, instructions, and information with another computer. A modem is a communications device that enables computers to communicate usually via telephone lines or cable.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of users experience when working with computer

Advantage:

1. Computer never tired

2. Having a highs peed and accuracy in working out its functions

3. Having a compact storage media and large capacity

4. It can be open new job opportunities as a computer expert

5. Able to process large amounts of data

Disadvantage:

1. Spoiling eyesight

2. Reduce labor due to work being replaced by computer

3. Humans are increasingly dependent with the help of computer

4. Computers do the work in accordance with the human command, if there are errors computer still working on these errors

5. The benefits of sharing resources on network and the definition

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.

The benefits of sharing resources on network:

1. Sharing Information, Networks allow users to share information in several different ways. The most common way of sharing information is to share individual files. For example, two or more people can work together on a single spreadsheet file or word-processing document. In most networks, a large hard drive on a central server computer is set up as a common storage area where users can store files to be shared.
   In addition to sharing files, networks allow users to communicate with each other in various ways. For example, messaging applications let network users exchange messages with each other using an e-mail application such as Microsoft Outlook. Users can also hold online meetings over the network. In fact, with inexpensive video cameras and the right software, users can hold video conferences over the network.
2. Sharing resources, Certain computer resources, such as printers or hard drives, can be set up so that network users can share them. Sharing these resources can result in significant cost savings. For example, it’s cheaper to buy a single high-speed printer with advanced features that can be shared by an entire workgroup than it is to buy separate printers for each user in the group.
   Hard drives can also be shared resources. In fact, providing users with access to a shared hard drive is the most common method of sharing files on a network. A computer whose main purpose in life is to host shared hard drives is called a file server.
   In actual practice, entire hard drives aren’t usually shared. Instead, individual folders on a networked hard drive are shared. This way, the network administrator can allow different network users to have access to different shared folders. For example, a company may set up shared folders for its sales department and accounting department. Then, sales personnel can access the sales department’s folder, and accounting personnel can access the accounting department’s folder.
   You can share other resources on a network. For example, a network can be used to share an Internet connection. In the early days of the Internet, it was common for each user who required access to the Internet to have his or her own modem connection. Nowadays, it’s more common for the network to provide a shared, high-speed Internet connection that everyone on the network can access.
3. Sharing application, One of the most common reasons for networking in many businesses is so that several users can work together on a single business application. For example, an accounting department may have accounting software that can be used from several computers at the same time. Or a sales-processing department may have an order-entry application that runs on several computers to handle a large volume of orders.

6. How are the Internet and World Wide Web used?

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. As the Internet has grown, it has developed into a multifaceted tool with a vast range of uses. It's now easy to keep in touch with friends, publish your own articles, or even watch your favorite TV shows using the Internet.

The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. The Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks. The Web is used widely throughout the world for work, play, research, chat, socializing and millions of different other things.

7. What is the difference between System Software and Application Software?
The Difference between system software and application software is that, system software can run independently of the application software, while application software cannot run without the presence of the system software. System software gets installed when the operating system is installed on the computer, while application software is installed according to the requirements of the user.

8. What Are the Differences among the Types, Sizes, and Functions in the Following Categories: Personal Computers (Desktop), Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices, Game Consoles, Servers, Mainframes, Super- computers, and Embedded Computers?

• PC (Personal Computer) A personal computer is a computer that can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself. A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage devices. Personal computers also often contain a communications device

• Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices A mobile computer is a personal computer you can carry from place to place and a mobile device is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand

• Game Consoles A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multi- player video games

• Servers A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. Servers can support from two to several thousand connected computers at the same time

• Mainframes A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds or thou- sands of connected users simultaneously. Mainframes store tremendous amounts of data, instructions, and information

• Super-Computers A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer — and the most expensive (Figure 1-27). The fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single second

• Embedded Computers An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product. Embedded computers are every- where — at home, in your car, and at work.

9. What Is the Role of Each Element in an Information System?

• Hardware Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system. Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. A CBIS may use a single computer or thousands.
  
• Software Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Software, the second element of a CBIS, is what tells the hardware how to function. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software.
  
• Data Data, or information, is the third element of a CBIS. Just as hardware cannot function without software, software cannot function without data. This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS.
• Procedure It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware." The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data.
  
• People People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-based information system. It is people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running, write the procedures and it is ultimately people who determine the success or failure of a CBIS.
  
• Communication Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS elements, but for a CBIS that involves more than one piece of hardware to function, communication or connectivity is a necessity. This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under hardware. The components that allow one computer to communicate with another are hardware and are controlled by software. If communication between people is included in this element, though, it is an important element.

10. How Do the Various Types of Computer Users Interact with Computers?

Computer users can be divided into five categories: home user, small office/home office users, mobile users, large business users, and power users. A home user spends time on the computer for personal and business communications, budgeting and personal financial management, entertainment, and Web access. A small office/home office (SOHO) user includes any company with fewer than 50 employees, as well as self-employed people that work out of their home. A mobile user travels to and from a main office or school to conduct business, communicate, or do homework. A large business user works for a company that has a large number of employees and computers usually connected to a network. The power user – such as an engineer, architect, or desktop publisher – typically works with multimedia, which combines several media elements into one application, and requires the capabilities of a workstation or other powerful computer.

11. How Does Society Use Computers in Education, Finance, Government, Health Care, Science, Publishing, Travel, and Manufacturing?

• Education: Computers are widely used in the educational environment from elementary schools to universities. The majority of schools teach basic computer literacy and also run their own websites. Here, everything from notices and announcements to past lecture notes and reading lists can be viewed.
• Finance: Computers are able to calculate things faster than any human can, and they're a lot cheaper to maintain than it is to pay a human. Computers don't make mistakes so people rely on them to make massive calculations 100% accurately. 
  Big corporations like Amazon or ebay use computers to process millions of payments per second. Small stores are able to accept credit card payments without fraud.
• Government: To keep track of tax payments, forms filed by individuals and corporations, people entering and leaving the country, and the status of government contracts. They also gather statistical information in such areas as society, education, the environment, commerce, and the economy. Computers have taken the place of sending agents and collecting documents, because the coordination and examination of information electronically is thousands of times faster and cheaper. Unfortunately, it also means that even more unnecessary or duplicate information is being collected and stored as well.
• Health Care: Technology plays an important role in medicine and health care. One of the most widely used machines in medicine and health care fields is a computer
• Science: The advent of computers has contributed greatly to the fields of science. They have allowed for the collection and recording of vast amounts of data. They allow scientists to store information indefinitely and review it easily.
• Publishing: Publishers use computer technology in both traditional and self-publishing ventures. Desktop publishing combines the use of a personal computer and page layout software to create publication-ready documents. Electronic book readers have emerged as a means of purchasing and obtaining access to book publications, either produced by the author or a publishing house. In the world of self-publishing, consisting of not only e-books, but also blogs and user-created content websites, computer software and hardware systems are essential.
• Travel: To maintain all the data related to logistics of travel.They use it to guide you find the best option for in terms of economy and other related issues like where you can stay at what budget,your tour options and many others as they maintain a database related to tours and travels only.
• Manufacturing: Computers are used in manufacturing in many, many ways. Most commonly computers are used to generate labels for products, control and/or monitor larger machines (presses, robotics, etc.), and for general reporting. Computers are also used in manufacturing for the shipping process, i.e. Bills of Lading printing, sending electronic communications to vendors and customers, etc.